Air-entrained concrete and method of making



Patented June 6, 1950 UNITED STATES PATENT OF EICE -67,

2,510,776 y A e14 /w'c re:

l AIR-ESTRAIN OF CRE'IE AND METHOD (larl Olof Gabrielson, Omskoldsvik, Sweden, as- C (fit w signor to M och Domsjo Aktiebolag, Ornskoldsvik, Sweden, a corporation of Sweden 2 y a a No Drawing. Application December 6, 1948, Serial No. 63,850. In Sweden July 26, 1947 l 2 Claims; (0]. 106-86) This invention relates to hydraulic cement, of making a concrete or mortar, which comprises n concrete and mortar and more particularly to a incorporating in a cement-aggregate mix, in the concrete or mortar mix having enhancedpljasamount of not morFthifi' 01% by weight on the tigity andlesstendengyfor thgaggrggate,tosepcement, an alkali treated tall oil pitch produced arafieilZQmthecement and water. 5 bg heating his a, empera ure e ween an K great number of compounds have been sug- C. tall oi I with a suhsgance Zrfi gested as additions to a concrete mix in order to roup consisting o a ka i metal droxides and give the mix ingrgasgd plasticity and to give the a fk la 1' metal carhonates m" a quantity equivalent solidified concrete increased i'esistance todetewimmi'lfiumher ot smmr rioration by repeatedfffreezing and thawing such a time that substantially all g ase'ous sub- These compounds seem to act in the caterer-ems; stances and atergn the reagtign massargglriy;

by increasing the amount of air that enters duren 0 ing the mixing and by finely dispersing this air. "Elli is a commercially available mate- 9 The compounds of this kind are generally called ria the di'stilf'tion r si e from the va gir entraining agents" and the concrete pro- 1 tillation 0 tall oil to obtain atty acids and resin ducedYy'tHeiraid "affiientrained concrete." am 5 or a mixture of both these kinds of acids. The improved plastic proprties'of an'air-en- It is chemically different from tall oil. I

trained concrete mix shows in better fillin e Tall oil consists of fatty acids (mainly oleic form at the pouring, in less tendency to separate acid, el'aeic acid,-lino1eic acid, linolenic acid) is; water under iron parts or under the larger stones in acids (abietic acid, neoabietic acid, deh c% of the aggregate and as a consequence in inabietic acid, aihydroabieti'c aclh, tetrahy oabiecreased strength of the solidified concrete contic acid, dextropi'mari'c acid, iso ex ro struction. The s en h of u' a u 'a'hi'd) phytosterol Zahout half as free alcohol and increased in spite of the iagt that addition of half as esterwi'th fatty or resin acids) hi her aliaiflehftr'aiiing ag ents givesa so jri e whafiie 'fa'se Ehatic alcohols such as lignocer l alco o a on gfiigthiqgfioncretegtest cghs. a as free alcohol and half as ester) and some l The use of Mhas been suggested (U. S. hi her ons. Tall oil pitch consists 7 Patent No. 2,420,144, J. G. Mark) as a concrete or mainly df'com'pounds formed during the distilla- I r mortar addition. However, tall oil has developed tion such as Eolymerised fatty and resin gids e into a raw material for the production of fatty and fatty or resin ac es ers o ydro'xy atty acids, rosin acids and other valuable products or h rox resin an s; es ers prac ica y 2 and as a consequence the price of tall oil has inphytosterol and aliphatic alcohols in the tall 011;

creased. m p0 ycycli'c hy'drocarhons formed by I have now found that all oil itch after treatcondens 1 i I ecaroxy a io e a o C: ment with alkali will form a suhsta'hce thatffiit h ac s. advan' tage can be used as an air-entraining agent e constants of tall oil pitch will vary somein concrete or mortar. what depending on how the vacuum distillation My invention relates to a concrete or mortar of the tall oil is carried out. The acid number of mix of enhanc d P i y mp ing an h various pitches may vary between 27 and 59'and draulic cement-aggg g d t e 11 an the saponification number between '72 and 130. 0.1% by weight on the cement of alkali treated when the pitchis treated with alk ail at higher ll Oil Ditch p d y heating, a a m temperatures the acids of the pitch are neutral;

W 200 c. and 250 0. of tall oil pitch i z egl and the estersoTt'hepitch' are at lastparwith a substance from the group consistfig'io flan a o ififefifme other reac ons alkali metal hydroxides and alkali metal carmisses is often the case when organic bonates In a quantity equivalent to the sapofifimaterial is heated with alkali. The softening cation number of said pitch for such a time that point of the alkali treated pitclrincreases as the substantially all gaseous substances and water in amount of alkali increases.

thei'feactio'iilrjigsj are driyjelri dfll The following table will illustrate this point: 'liiiother object of my invention is the method Tall oil pitch of acid number 40, saponiflcation number 118, and softening point (ring and ball method) 51 C.:

Softening int (ring Amount of sodium u dmnde added to the 3, 1%, b g fl P 225 o. m- 45 minutes Equivalent to one-half of the acid number of C.

the pit 79 Equivalent to the acid number of the pitch. 153 Equivalent to the arithmethic medium of the acidh and saponiilcation numbers of the 176 p c Eqgivalent to the seponiflcation number of t e pitch 195 It may be of advantage to add the sodium hydroxide in water solution but it can also be added in solid form. During the alkali treatment water vapor is given off by the mass, this water being formed by the neutralization of the acids in the pitch or having been added with the sodium hydroxide. As the mass under treatment has a tendency to foam it may be of advantage to stir the mass during the treatment or to treat the surface of the mass with a blast of hot air or other gas, or t use any other well u O u ethod dimin ish the foaming of the mass under trea me Tiidifneanatmperamreortnetreamrentdecan be carried through in one hour or less, if

suitable means are taken in order to prevent the foaming of the mass. A longer time of treatment seems however to have no appreciable effect on the properties of the end product.

A suitable apparatus for the treatment is an open kettle, provided with stirrer, means of heating, means of temperature measurement and means of filling and emptying.

The about 1 (T C where it can be poured and pumped. The alkali solution can be added at this temperature and the temperature of the mass raised afterwards or the alkali can be added slowly during the heating to the end temperature of the treatment. The heatingshould be continued at the end temperature unil l rgtgr has evaporated and thp lgasihasceasedito fpam.

magarofi'dddroxide lkali h droxide can equally well be used. As sodium arb 'usually has lower price than m hydroxide it might be advantageous to use sodium carbonate up to an amount equivalent to the acid number of the pitch and add sodium hydroxide after the heating with the carbonate. Other itch is usually added at a temperature alkali carbonates may be used instead of sodium I car ona I gliselltreetesl la lriteh be crushed and ground to a fine hat is easily soluble in water MW Usually it will not form a clear so u 1on,bu e major part of the material goes into solution and will keep the rest of the material dispersed in the solution for a long time. Even if a part of the dispersed oWsoTidifiedboncreteT-This decrease is a" particles in a solution of the material will settle to the bottom, this has no appreciable cheat on the use of the material as a concrete addition because it is the water soluble art of the material that is active in e concre m The following exsntiestremusteauve of my invention, although it is to be understood that I do not intend to limit myself particularly thereto:

Example 1 200 grams of t a ll gilpi tc l1 with the acid number 40, the saponiflcation number 118 and the softening point 51 C. (ring and ball method) were melted in a vessel of the volume 0.5 liter, provided with a stirrer. The pitch was heated to 120 C. and an amount of sodiumhydroxide, equivalent to the saponiflcation number iiffihe pitch, was added in the form of a water s cgution of 40%; sgdium h drgx ige contentf K thin stream of hotjff' emperature about 225 C.) was bhiwgagaifist a spot on the surface of the molten niassin order to prevent excessive foaming. While the mass was, stirred the temperature was increased to 225 C. during one hour, after which the temperature was held constant for another hour. During the latter period the molten mass ceased to foam, 1. c. all gaseous substances and water were driven off. After cooling to room temperature a hard mass was obtained, that easily could be crushed and ground to a fine powder, soluble in water. The mass obtained had a softening point of C. (ring and ball method).

Alkali treated tall oil pitch can be added in W cement clinker before or dure grinding We can also be added in solid form in the form of a solution in water to the concrete mixer. The Eddm-alkan treated tall oil pitch should not exceed 0.1% of the amount of cement in the cement-aggregate-water mix and in g neral an amount of about 0.01% of the cement is sufficient. The optimum amount may depend somewhat on the kind of aggregate and the kind and amount of water used and may be determined by exper en under the conditions actually prevailing. In general it is easier to measure a volume of solution of known concentration than to weigh a predetermined amount of solid powder to be added to the concrete ortland cem n 1917 parts of aggregate and the amount of water necessary give a nearly constant consistency to the mixes were mixed with the addition of various amounts of alkali treated tall oil itch prepared according to Example I. The iollowing table gives the properties of the mixes together with the properties of the test cubes formed from the various mixes.

The values of the table show that an addition of 0.01% of alkali treated tall oil pitch gives an incre e o e ween'g ai id 32 0 a r e nof about-15% in the compression breaking stress it. 4 I,

normal eflect accompanying the addition of airan alkali treated tall oil pitch produced by heatentraining agents. ing. at a temperature between 200 C. and 250 Wet coma-etc mix Concrete cubes 20 x 20 x 20 cm. after 28 days of storage 3? Consistency Air content coglpres' Addition: Percent oi the cement Slump, com red b fi in the concrete mix in the measured Volume th m t 5 9 3 m cm. wei ht, concrete Volume fifi k kgm. itre mix weight m without kgmJlitre :ggg 14mm additions None 189 6. 5 2. 40 2. 41 0 464 0.01% alkali treated tall 0ii pitch..- 177 7.0 2. 3. 0 2.85 2. 895 183 0. 5 2. 40 8. 0 2. 86 2. l 401 0.03% alkali treated tall oil pitch... 1% 8.0 2.36 6.2 2.29 5.0 $3! 177 8. 0 2. 35 5. 0 2. 0. 2 309 0.10% alkali treated tall oil pitch.-.- 174 7. 5 2 23 10. 4 2. so 8. 7 207 174 7.0 2.23 10.4 2.23 7.5 082 What I claim is: go 0., tall oil pitch with a substance from the group 1- A concrete or mortar mix .of enhanced consisting of alkali metal hydroxides and alkali p i y comp i an hydraulic cement. 8- metal carbonates in a quantity equivalent to the gregate and an appreciable amount of not more saponiflcation number of said pitch for such a than 0.1% by weight of the cement, oi alkali time that substantially all gaseous substances treated tall oil pitch produced by heating, at a 25 and water in the reaction mass are driven 01!.

temperature between 200 C. and 250 C. of tall CARL OLOF GABRIEIBON. oil pitch with a substance from the group consistlng of alkali metal hydroxidesand alkali REFERENCES CITED metal ar nat 1 G quantity equiv l t o h The following references are of record in the saponiflcation number of said pitch for stlg'l a 80 tile oi this patent: time that substantially all gaseous subs ces and water in the reaction mass are driven oil. UNITED STATES PATENTS 2. The method of making a concrete or mor- Number N D te 6 9/ tar, which comprises incorporating in a hydraulic 11, 300th F 1 1 43 w cement-aggregate mix, an appreciable amount 9 Mill r M r. 6. 1945" E of not more than 0.1% by weight or the cement, .4 44 M rk May 6, 1947 7V 

1. A CONCRETE OR MORTAR MIX OF ENHANCED PLASTICITY COMPRISING AN HYDRAULIC CEMENT, AGGREGATE AND AN APPRECIABLE AMOUNT OF NOT MORE THAN 0.1% BY WEIGHT OF THE CEMENT, OF ALKALI TREATED TALL OIL PITCH PRODUCED BY HEATING, AT A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 200*C. AND 250*C. OF TALL OIL PITCH WITH A SUBSTANCE FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDES AND ALKALI METAL CARBONATES IN A QUANTITY EQUIVALENT TO THE SAPONIFICATION NUMBER OF SAID PITCH FOR SUCH A TIME THAT SUBSTANTIALLY ALL GASEOUS SUBSTANCES AND WATER IN THE REACTION MASS ARE DRIVEN OFF. 